TY - JOUR
AU - Joshi Rohina
AU - Dandona R.
AU - Dandona L.
AU - Serina P.
AU - Stewart A.
AU - Riley I.
AU - Hernandez B.
AU - Freeman M.
AU - Sanvictores D.
AU - Tallo V.
AU - Kumar V.
AU - Murray C.
AU - Lozano R.
AU - Flaxman A.
AU - Phillips D.
AU - James S.
AU - Atkinson C.
AU - Ohno S.
AU - Black R.
AU - Ali S.
AU - Baqui A.
AU - Dantzer E.
AU - Das V.
AU - Dhingra U.
AU - Dutta A.
AU - Fawzi W.
AU - Gómez S.
AU - Mehta S.
AU - Lopez A.
AU - Alam S.
AU - Gouda H.
AU - Mooney M.
AU - Kumar A.
AU - Luning R.
AU - Ahuja R.
AU - Alam N.
AU - Chowdhury H.
AU - Darmstadt G.
AU - Kalter H.
AU - Lucero M.
AU - Maraga S.
AU - Pierce K.
AU - Prasad R.
AU - Premji Z.
AU - Ramirez-Villalobos D.
AU - Rarau P.
AU - Remolador H.
AU - Romero M.
AU - Said M.
AU - Sazawal S.
AU - Streatfield P.
AU - Vadhatpour A.
AU - Vano M.
AU - Praveen Devarsetty
AU - Neal Bruce
AB - <p>
BACKGROUND: Reliable data on the distribution of causes of death (COD) in a population are fundamental to good public health practice. In the absence of comprehensive medical certification of deaths, the only feasible way to collect essential mortality data is verbal autopsy (VA). The Tariff Method was developed by the Population Health Metrics Research Consortium (PHMRC) to ascertain COD from VA information. Given its potential for improving information about COD, there is interest in refining the method. We describe the further development of the Tariff Method. METHODS: This study uses data from the PHMRC and the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia studies. Gold standard clinical diagnostic criteria for hospital deaths were specified for a target cause list. VAs were collected from families using the PHMRC verbal autopsy instrument including health care experience (HCE). The original Tariff Method (Tariff 1.0) was trained using the validated PHMRC database for which VAs had been collected for deaths with hospital records fulfilling the gold standard criteria (validated VAs). In this study, the performance of Tariff 1.0 was tested using VAs from household surveys (community VAs) collected for the PHMRC and NHMRC studies. We then corrected the model to account for the previous observed biases of the model, and Tariff 2.0 was developed. The performance of Tariff 2.0 was measured at individual and population levels using the validated PHMRC database. RESULTS: For median chance-corrected concordance (CCC) and mean cause-specific mortality fraction (CSMF) accuracy, and for each of three modules with and without HCE, Tariff 2.0 performs significantly better than the Tariff 1.0, especially in children and neonates. Improvement in CSMF accuracy with HCE was 2.5%, 7.4%, and 14.9% for adults, children, and neonates, respectively, and for median CCC with HCE it was 6.0%, 13.5%, and 21.2%, respectively. Similar levels of improvement are seen in analyses without HCE. CONCLUSIONS: Tariff 2.0 addresses the main shortcomings of the application of the Tariff Method to analyze data from VAs in community settings. It provides an estimation of COD from VAs with better performance at the individual and population level than the previous version of this method, and it is publicly available for use.
</p>

AD - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA. ptserina@uw.edu.<br/>University of Queensland, School of Population Health, Level 2 Public Health Building School of Population Health, Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia. i.riley@sph.uq.edu.au.<br/>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA. andrea.leigh.stewart@gmail.com.<br/>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA. spencj@gmail.com.<br/>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA. abie@uw.edu.<br/>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA. rafael.lozano@insp.mx.<br/>National Institute of Public Health, Universidad 1299 Buena Vista, 62115, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. rafael.lozano@insp.mx.<br/>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA. bhp3@uw.edu.<br/>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA. megham2@uw.edu.<br/>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA. rluning@uw.edu.<br/>Institute for International Programs, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. rblack1@jhu.edu.<br/>Community Empowerment Lab, Shivgarh, India. kgmcice@sancharnet.in.<br/>The INCLEN Trust International, New Delhi, India. kgmcice@sancharnet.in.<br/>International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh. nalam@icddrb.org.<br/>International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh. saidul@icddrb.org.<br/>Public Health Laboratory Ivo de Carneri (PHL-IdC), PO Box 122, Wawi Chake Chake Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania. saidmali2003@yahoo.com.<br/>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA. atkinsct@uw.edu.<br/>Institute for International Programs, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. abaqui@jhsph.edu.<br/>University of Melbourne, School of Population and Global Health, Building 379, 207 Bouverie Street, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia. hafiz.chowdhury@unimelb.edu.au.<br/>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA. dandona@uw.edu.<br/>Public Health Foundation of India, Plot 47, Sector 44, Gurgaon, 12002, National Capital Region, India. dandona@uw.edu.<br/>Public Health Foundation of India, Plot 47, Sector 44, Gurgaon, 12002, National Capital Region, India. Rakhi.dandona@phfi.org.<br/>Malaria Consortium Cambodia, 113 Mao Tse Toung, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. emilydantzer@gmail.com.<br/>Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA. gdarmsta@stanford.edu.<br/>CSM Medical University, Shah Mina Road, Chowk Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226003, India. das_lko@yahoo.com.<br/>Institute for International Programs, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. udhingra@jhsph.edu.<br/>Public Health Laboratory Ivo de Carneri (PHL-IdC), PO Box 122, Wawi Chake Chake Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania. udhingra@jhsph.edu.<br/>Institute for International Programs, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. adutta@cphealthkinetics.org.<br/>Public Health Laboratory Ivo de Carneri (PHL-IdC), PO Box 122, Wawi Chake Chake Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania. adutta@cphealthkinetics.org.<br/>Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115-6018, USA. mina@hsph.harvard.edu.<br/>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA. mikefree@uw.edu.<br/>Ipas, Chapel Hill, NC, 27515, USA. saraegomez@gmail.com.<br/>University of Queensland, School of Population Health, Level 2 Public Health Building School of Population Health, Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia. h.gouda@uq.edu.au.<br/>Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea. h.gouda@uq.edu.au.<br/>The George Institute of Global Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia. rjoshi@georgeinstitute.org.au.<br/>Institute for International Programs, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. hkalter1@jhu.edu.<br/>Community Empowerment Lab, Shivgarh, India. aarti.kumar@shivgarh.org.<br/>The INCLEN Trust International, New Delhi, India. aarti.kumar@shivgarh.org.<br/>Community Empowerment Lab, Shivgarh, India. vishwajeet.kumar@shivgarh.org.<br/>The INCLEN Trust International, New Delhi, India. vishwajeet.kumar@shivgarh.org.<br/>Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Corporate Avenue, Muntinlupa City, 1781, Philippines. grandchallenge13@yahoo.com.<br/>Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea. serimaraga@gmail.com.<br/>Cornell University, Division of Nutritional Sciences, 314 Savage Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA. smehta@cornell.edu.<br/>The George Institute of Global Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia. bneal@georgeinstitute.org.au.<br/>Royal Prince Albert Hospital, Sydney, Australia. bneal@georgeinstitute.org.au.<br/>Imperial College, London, UK. bneal@georgeinstitute.org.au.<br/>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA. summerlockett9@yahoo.com.<br/>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA. davidp6@uw.edu.<br/>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA. kpierce2@uw.edu.<br/>CSM Medical University, Shah Mina Road, Chowk Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226003, India. rprasad2@sancharnet.in.<br/>The George Institute of Global Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia. dpraveen@georginstitute.org.<br/>George Institute of Global Health India, Hyderabad, India. dpraveen@georginstitute.org.<br/>Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. zulpremji688@gmail.com.<br/>National Institute of Public Health, Universidad 1299 Buena Vista, 62115, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. mdolores@insp.mx.<br/>Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea. patricia.rarau@gmail.com.<br/>Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Corporate Avenue, Muntinlupa City, 1781, Philippines. britt_ph11@yahoo.com.<br/>National Institute of Public Health, Universidad 1299 Buena Vista, 62115, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. mpromero@insp.mx.<br/>Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. mwana77@gmail.com.<br/>Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Corporate Avenue, Muntinlupa City, 1781, Philippines. diozele_sanvictores@yahoo.com.<br/>Institute for International Programs, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. ssazawal@jhsph.edu.<br/>Public Health Laboratory Ivo de Carneri (PHL-IdC), PO Box 122, Wawi Chake Chake Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania. ssazawal@jhsph.edu.<br/>International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh. pkstreatfield@icddrb.org.<br/>Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Corporate Avenue, Muntinlupa City, 1781, Philippines. veronica.tallo2015@gmail.com.<br/>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA. alvahdat@microsoft.com.<br/>Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea. miriam.vano@pngimr.org.pg.<br/>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA. cjlm@u.washington.edu.<br/>University of Melbourne, School of Population and Global Health, Building 379, 207 Bouverie Street, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia. alan.lopez@unimelb.edu.au.
AN - 26644140
BT - BMC Medicine
C2 - PMC4672473
DP - NLM
ET - 2015/12/09
LA - eng
LB - AUS<br/>OCS<br/>FP<br/>INDIA<br/>FY16
N1 - Serina, Peter<br/>Riley, Ian<br/>Stewart, Andrea<br/>James, Spencer L<br/>Flaxman, Abraham D<br/>Lozano, Rafael<br/>Hernandez, Bernardo<br/>Mooney, Meghan D<br/>Luning, Richard<br/>Black, Robert<br/>Ahuja, Ramesh<br/>Alam, Nurul<br/>Alam, Sayed Saidul<br/>Ali, Said Mohammed<br/>Atkinson, Charles<br/>Baqui, Abdulla H<br/>Chowdhury, Hafizur R<br/>Dandona, Lalit<br/>Dandona, Rakhi<br/>Dantzer, Emily<br/>Darmstadt, Gary L<br/>Das, Vinita<br/>Dhingra, Usha<br/>Dutta, Arup<br/>Fawzi, Wafaie<br/>Freeman, Michael<br/>Gomez, Sara<br/>Gouda, Hebe N<br/>Joshi, Rohina<br/>Kalter, Henry D<br/>Kumar, Aarti<br/>Kumar, Vishwajeet<br/>Lucero, Marilla<br/>Maraga, Seri<br/>Mehta, Saurabh<br/>Neal, Bruce<br/>Ohno, Summer Lockett<br/>Phillips, David<br/>Pierce, Kelsey<br/>Prasad, Rajendra<br/>Praveen, Devarsatee<br/>Premji, Zul<br/>Ramirez-Villalobos, Dolores<br/>Rarau, Patricia<br/>Remolador, Hazel<br/>Romero, Minerva<br/>Said, Mwanaidi<br/>Sanvictores, Diozele<br/>Sazawal, Sunil<br/>Streatfield, Peter K<br/>Tallo, Veronica<br/>Vadhatpour, Alireza<br/>Vano, Miriam<br/>Murray, Christopher J L<br/>Lopez, Alan D<br/>Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't<br/>England<br/>BMC Med. 2015 Dec 8;13:291. doi: 10.1186/s12916-015-0527-9.
N2 - <p>
BACKGROUND: Reliable data on the distribution of causes of death (COD) in a population are fundamental to good public health practice. In the absence of comprehensive medical certification of deaths, the only feasible way to collect essential mortality data is verbal autopsy (VA). The Tariff Method was developed by the Population Health Metrics Research Consortium (PHMRC) to ascertain COD from VA information. Given its potential for improving information about COD, there is interest in refining the method. We describe the further development of the Tariff Method. METHODS: This study uses data from the PHMRC and the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia studies. Gold standard clinical diagnostic criteria for hospital deaths were specified for a target cause list. VAs were collected from families using the PHMRC verbal autopsy instrument including health care experience (HCE). The original Tariff Method (Tariff 1.0) was trained using the validated PHMRC database for which VAs had been collected for deaths with hospital records fulfilling the gold standard criteria (validated VAs). In this study, the performance of Tariff 1.0 was tested using VAs from household surveys (community VAs) collected for the PHMRC and NHMRC studies. We then corrected the model to account for the previous observed biases of the model, and Tariff 2.0 was developed. The performance of Tariff 2.0 was measured at individual and population levels using the validated PHMRC database. RESULTS: For median chance-corrected concordance (CCC) and mean cause-specific mortality fraction (CSMF) accuracy, and for each of three modules with and without HCE, Tariff 2.0 performs significantly better than the Tariff 1.0, especially in children and neonates. Improvement in CSMF accuracy with HCE was 2.5%, 7.4%, and 14.9% for adults, children, and neonates, respectively, and for median CCC with HCE it was 6.0%, 13.5%, and 21.2%, respectively. Similar levels of improvement are seen in analyses without HCE. CONCLUSIONS: Tariff 2.0 addresses the main shortcomings of the application of the Tariff Method to analyze data from VAs in community settings. It provides an estimation of COD from VAs with better performance at the individual and population level than the previous version of this method, and it is publicly available for use.
</p>

PY - 2015
SN - 1741-7015 (Electronic)<br/>1741-7015 (Linking)
EP - 291
T2 - BMC Medicine
TI - Improving performance of the Tariff Method for assigning causes of death to verbal autopsies
VL - 13
Y2 - FY16
ER -