@article{22385,
  author = {Ueshima H. and Nowson C. and Woodward Mark and Enkhtungalag B. and Subramanian S. and Wu J. and Huang L. and Elliott P. and Land M. and Choudhury S. and Crino M. and Mclean R. and Campbell N. and Petersen K. and Cogswell M. and Toft U. and Mill J. and Furlanetto T. and Ilich J. and Hong Y. and Cohall D. and Luzardo L. and Noboa O. and Holm E. and Gerbes A. and Senousy B. and S. Kara Pinar and Brewster L. and Teo B. and Allen N. and Polonia J. and Yasuda Y. and Neal Bruce and Webster Jacqui},
  title = {Reliable Quantification of the Potential for Equations Based on Spot Urine Samples to Estimate Population Salt Intake: Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis},
  abstract = {<p>
BACKGROUND: Methods based on spot urine samples (a single sample at one time-point) have been identified as a possible alternative approach to 24-hour urine samples for determining mean population salt intake. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to identify a reliable method for estimating mean population salt intake from spot urine samples. This will be done by comparing the performance of existing equations against one other and against estimates derived from 24-hour urine samples. The effects of factors such as ethnicity, sex, age, body mass index, antihypertensive drug use, health status, and timing of spot urine collection will be explored. The capacity of spot urine samples to measure change in salt intake over time will also be determined. Finally, we aim to develop a novel equation (or equations) that performs better than existing equations to estimate mean population salt intake. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data will be conducted. A search has been conducted to identify human studies that report salt (or sodium) excretion based upon 24-hour urine samples and spot urine samples. There were no restrictions on language, study sample size, or characteristics of the study population. MEDLINE via OvidSP (1946-present), Premedline via OvidSP, EMBASE, Global Health via OvidSP (1910-present), and the Cochrane Library were searched, and two reviewers identified eligible studies. The authors of these studies will be invited to contribute data according to a standard format. Individual participant records will be compiled and a series of analyses will be completed to: (1) compare existing equations for estimating 24-hour salt intake from spot urine samples with 24-hour urine samples, and assess the degree of bias according to key demographic and clinical characteristics; (2) assess the reliability of using spot urine samples to measure population changes in salt intake overtime; and (3) develop a novel equation that performs better than existing equations to estimate mean population salt intake. RESULTS: The search strategy identified 538 records; 100 records were obtained for review in full text and 73 have been confirmed as eligible. In addition, 68 abstracts were identified, some of which may contain data eligible for inclusion. Individual participant data will be requested from the authors of eligible studies. CONCLUSIONS: Many equations for estimating salt intake from spot urine samples have been developed and validated, although most have been studied in very specific settings. This meta-analysis of individual participant data will enable a much broader understanding of the capacity for spot urine samples to estimate population salt intake.
</p>
},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {JMIR Res ProtocJMIR Res ProtocJMIR Res Protoc},
  volume = {5},
  edition = {2016/09/23},
  number = {3},
  pages = {e190},
  isbn = {1929-0748 (Linking)},
  note = {Huang, Liping<br/>Crino, Michelle<br/>Wu, Jason Hy<br/>Woodward, Mark<br/>Land, Mary-Anne<br/>McLean, Rachael<br/>Webster, Jacqui<br/>Enkhtungalag, Batsaikhan<br/>Nowson, Caryl A<br/>Elliott, Paul<br/>Cogswell, Mary<br/>Toft, Ulla<br/>Mill, Jose G<br/>Furlanetto, Tania W<br/>Ilich, Jasminka Z<br/>Hong, Yet Hoi<br/>Cohall, Damian<br/>Luzardo, Leonella<br/>Noboa, Oscar<br/>Holm, Ellen<br/>Gerbes, Alexander L<br/>Senousy, Bahaa<br/>Pinar Kara, Sonat<br/>Brewster, Lizzy M<br/>Ueshima, Hirotsugu<br/>Subramanian, Srinivas<br/>Teo, Boon Wee<br/>Allen, Norrina<br/>Choudhury, Sohel Reza<br/>Polonia, Jorge<br/>Yasuda, Yoshinari<br/>Campbell, Norm Rc<br/>Neal, Bruce<br/>Petersen, Kristina S<br/>Canada<br/>JMIR Res Protoc. 2016 Sep 21;5(3):e190. doi: 10.2196/resprot.6282.},
  language = {Eng},
}