@article{22845,
  keywords = {Adult, Female, Humans, Aged, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Prospective Studies, Prevalence, Risk Assessment, Cardiovascular Diseases, Young Adult, Survival Rate, Retrospective Studies, Sex Distribution, Life Expectancy, Global Health, Cause of Death, Morbidity},
  author = {Abera Semaw and Banerjee Amitava and Bedi Neeraj and Bhutta Zulfiqar and Catalá-Lopéz Ferrán and Cirillo Massimo and Dandona Lalit and Dandona Rakhi and Ding Eric and Gona Philimon and Khang Young-Ho and Kim Daniel and Kosen Soewarta and G Kumar Anil and Larsson Anders and Lotufo Paulo and Meretoja Atte and Naghavi Mohsen and Vollset Stein and Vos Theo and Westerman Ronny and Yip Paul and Yonemoto Naohiro and Younis Mustafa and Yu Chuanhua and Zaki Maysaa and Gupta Rajeev and Abate Kalkidan and Ärnlöv Johan and Barregård Lars and Khader Yousef and Kolte Dhaval and Razek Hassan and Silva Diego and Werdecker Andrea and Yano Yuichiro and Owolabi Mayowa and Salomon Joshua and Roth Gregory and Johnson Catherine and Abajobir Amanuel and Abd-Allah Foad and Abyu Gebre and Ahmed Muktar and Aksut Baran and Alam Tahiya and Alam Khurshid and Alla François and Alvis-Guzman Nelson and Amrock Stephen and Ansari Hossein and Asayesh Hamid and Atey Tesfay and Avila-Burgos Leticia and Awasthi Ashish and Barac Aleksandra and Bärnighausen Till and Ketema Ezra and Bennett Derrick and Berhe Gebremedhin and Bitew Shimelash and Carapetis Jonathan and Carrero Juan and Malta Deborah and Castañeda-Orjuela Carlos and Castillo-Rivas Jacqueline and Choi Jee-Young and Christensen Hanne and Cooper Leslie and Criqui Michael and Cundiff David and Damasceno Albertino and Davletov Kairat and Dharmaratne Samath and Dorairaj Prabhakaran and Dubey Manisha and Ehrenkranz Rebecca and Faraon Emerito and Esteghamati Alireza and Farid Talha and Farvid Maryam and Feigin Valery and Fowkes Gerry and Gebrehiwot Tsegaye and Gillum Richard and Gold Audra and Habtewold Tesfa and Hafezi-Nejad Nima and Hailu Tesfaye and Hailu Gessessew and Hankey Graeme and Hassen Hamid and Havmoeller Rasmus and Hay Simon and Horino Masako and Hotez Peter and Jacobsen Kathryn and James Spencer and Javanbakht Mehdi and Jeemon Panniyammakal and John Denny and Jonas Jost and Kalkonde Yogeshwar and Karimkhani Chante and Kasaeian Amir and Khan Abdur and Khera Sahil and Khoja Abdullah and Khubchandani Jagdish and Krohn Kristopher and Lal Dharmesh and Linn Shai and Lopez Alan and Malekzadeh Reza and Mazidi Mohsen and Meier Toni and Meles Kidanu and Mensah George and Mezgebe Haftay and Miller Ted and Mirrakhimov Erkin and Mohammed Shafiu and Moran Andrew and Musa Kamarul and Narula Jagat and Ngalesoni Frida and Nguyen Grant and Obermeyer Carla and Patton George and Pedro João and Qato Dima and Qorbani Mostafa and Rai Rajesh and Rawaf Salman and Ribeiro Antônio and Safiri Saeid and Santos Itamar and Milicevic Milena and Sartorius Benn and Schutte Aletta and Sepanlou Sadaf and Shaikh Masood and Shin Min-Jeong and Shishehbor Mehdi and Shore Hirbo and Sobngwi Eugene and Stranges Saverio and Swaminathan Soumya and Tabarés-Seisdedos Rafael and Atnafu Niguse and Tesfay Fisaha and Thakur J and Thrift Amanda and Topor-Madry Roman and Truelsen Thomas and Tyrovolas Stefanos and Ukwaja Kingsley and Uthman Olalekan and Vasankari Tommi and Vlassov Vasiliy and Wakayo Tolassa and Watkins David and Weintraub Robert and Wiysonge Charles and Wolfe Charles and Workicho Abdulhalik and Xu Gelin and Murray Christopher and Kwan Gene and Neal Bruce and Rahimi K},
  title = {Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015.},
  abstract = {<p>
<b>BACKGROUND: </b>The burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remains unclear in many regions of the world.
</p>

<p>
<b>OBJECTIVES: </b>The GBD (Global Burden of Disease) 2015 study integrated data on disease incidence, prevalence, and mortality to produce consistent, up-to-date estimates for cardiovascular burden.
</p>

<p>
<b>METHODS: </b>CVD mortality was estimated from vital registration and verbal autopsy data. CVD prevalence was estimated using modeling software and data from health surveys, prospective cohorts, health system administrative data, and registries. Years lived with disability (YLD) were estimated by multiplying prevalence by disability weights. Years of life lost (YLL) were estimated by multiplying age-specific CVD deaths by a reference life expectancy. A sociodemographic index (SDI) was created for each location based on income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility.
</p>

<p>
<b>RESULTS: </b>In 2015, there were an estimated 422.7 million cases of CVD (95% uncertainty interval: 415.53 to 427.87 million cases) and 17.92 million CVD deaths (95% uncertainty interval: 17.59 to 18.28 million CVD deaths). Declines in the age-standardized CVD death rate occurred between 1990 and 2015 in all high-income and some middle-income countries. Ischemic heart disease was the leading cause of CVD health lost globally, as well as in each world region, followed by stroke. As SDI increased beyond 0.25, the highest CVD mortality shifted from women to men. CVD mortality decreased sharply for both sexes in countries with an SDI &gt;0.75.
</p>

<p>
<b>CONCLUSIONS: </b>CVDs remain a major cause of health loss for all regions of the world. Sociodemographic change over the past 25 years has been associated with dramatic declines in CVD in regions with very high SDI, but only a gradual decrease or no change in most regions. Future updates of the GBD study can be used to guide policymakers who are focused on reducing the overall burden of noncommunicable disease and achieving specific global health targets for CVD.
</p>
},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {J Am Coll Cardiol},
  volume = {70},
  pages = {1-25},
  issn = {1558-3597},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jacc.2017.04.052},
  language = {eng},
}