@article{23423,
  author = {Maulik P. and Prabhakaran Dorairaj and K Reddy Srinath and Santos Joseph and Mohan Sailesh and Petersen Kristina and Rogers Kris and Thout Sudhir and Shivashankar Roopa and Gupta Priti and He Feng and MacGregor Graham and Krishnan Anand and Johnson Claire and Gupta Ruby and Neal Bruce and Webster Jacqui},
  title = {Estimating population salt intake in India using spot urine samples.},
  abstract = {<p>
<b>OBJECTIVE: </b>To compare estimates of mean population salt intake in North and South India derived from spot urine samples versus 24-h urine collections.
</p>

<p>
<b>METHODS: </b>In a cross-sectional survey, participants were sampled from slum, urban and rural communities in North and in South India. Participants provided 24-h urine collections, and random morning spot urine samples. Salt intake was estimated from the spot urine samples using a series of established estimating equations. Salt intake data from the 24-h urine collections and spot urine equations were weighted to provide estimates of salt intake for Delhi and Haryana, and Andhra Pradesh.
</p>

<p>
<b>RESULTS: </b>A total of 957 individuals provided a complete 24-h urine collection and a spot urine sample. Weighted mean salt intake based on the 24-h urine collection, was 8.59 (95% confidence interval 7.73-9.45) and 9.46 g/day (8.95-9.96) in Delhi and Haryana, and Andhra Pradesh, respectively. Corresponding estimates based on the Tanaka equation [9.04 (8.63-9.45) and 9.79 g/day (9.62-9.96) for Delhi and Haryana, and Andhra Pradesh, respectively], the Mage equation [8.80 (7.67-9.94) and 10.19 g/day (95% CI 9.59-10.79)], the INTERSALT equation [7.99 (7.61-8.37) and 8.64 g/day (8.04-9.23)] and the INTERSALT equation with potassium [8.13 (7.74-8.52) and 8.81 g/day (8.16-9.46)] were all within 1 g/day of the estimate based upon 24-h collections. For the Toft equation, estimates were 1-2 g/day higher [9.94 (9.24-10.64) and 10.69 g/day (9.44-11.93)] and for the Kawasaki equation they were 3-4 g/day higher [12.14 (11.30-12.97) and 13.64 g/day (13.15-14.12)].
</p>

<p>
<b>CONCLUSION: </b>In urban and rural areas in North and South India, most spot urine-based equations provided reasonable estimates of mean population salt intake. Equations that did not provide good estimates may have failed because specimen collection was not aligned with the original method.
</p>
},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {J Hypertens},
  volume = {35},
  pages = {2207-2213},
  month = {89333813385},
  issn = {1473-5598},
  doi = {10.1097/HJH.0000000000001464},
  language = {eng},
}