03013nas a2200517   4500000000100000008004100001100001800042700001200060700001300072700001400085700001400099700002300113700001400136700001400150700001700164700001300181700001500194700001000209700001300219700001300232700001400245700001500259700001600274700001300290700001300303700001400316700001200330700001200342700001200354700001300366700001400379700001300393700001900406700001500425700001400440700001600454700001500470700001700485700001500502245011600517250001500633300001300648490000700661520177600668020005102444       2015                            d1 aRangarajan S.1 aLear S.1 aGupta R.1 aAvezum A.1 aKruger A.1 aLopez-Jaramillo P.1 aSwidan H.1 aYusoff K.1 aRosengren A.1 aMcKee M.1 aGilmore A.1 aLi W.1 aMohan D.1 aKumar R.1 aRahman O.1 aBahonar A.1 aChifamba J.1 aMohan V.1 aYusuf S.1 aSavell E.1 aSims M.1 aMony P.1 aKoon T.1 aSeron P.1 aIsmail N.1 aCalik K.1 aVijayakumar K.1 aIgumbor E.1 aAfridi A.1 aZatonska K.1 aPoirier P.1 aOrlandini A.1 aChow Clara00aThe environmental profile of a community's health: a cross-sectional study on tobacco marketing in 16 countries  a2015/12/17  a851-861G0 v933 a<p>
OBJECTIVE: To examine and compare tobacco marketing in 16 countries while the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control requires parties to implement a comprehensive ban on such marketing. METHODS: Between 2009 and 2012, a kilometre-long walk was completed by trained investigators in 462 communities across 16 countries to collect data on tobacco marketing. We interviewed community members about their exposure to traditional and non-traditional marketing in the previous six months. To examine differences in marketing between urban and rural communities and between high-, middle- and low-income countries, we used multilevel regression models controlling for potential confounders. FINDINGS: Compared with high-income countries, the number of tobacco advertisements observed was 81 times higher in low-income countries (incidence rate ratio, IRR: 80.98; 95% confidence interval, CI: 4.15-1578.42) and the number of tobacco outlets was 2.5 times higher in both low- and lower-middle-income countries (IRR: 2.58; 95% CI: 1.17-5.67 and IRR: 2.52; CI: 1.23-5.17, respectively). Of the 11 842 interviewees, 1184 (10%) reported seeing at least five types of tobacco marketing. Self-reported exposure to at least one type of traditional marketing was 10 times higher in low-income countries than in high-income countries (odds ratio, OR: 9.77; 95% CI: 1.24-76.77). For almost all measures, marketing exposure was significantly lower in the rural communities than in the urban communities. CONCLUSION: Despite global legislation to limit tobacco marketing, it appears ubiquitous. The frequency and type of tobacco marketing varies on the national level by income group and by community type, appearing to be greatest in low-income countries and urban communities.
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