02546nas a2200205   4500000000100000008004100001100002200042700001900064700001900083700002400102700001900126700002100145700002000166700001900186245011500205300001200320490000700332520198700339022001402326       2017                            d1 aRefshauge Kathryn1 aFerreira Paulo1 aFernandez Matt1 aColodro-Conde Lucia1 aHartvigsen Jan1 aFerreira Manuela1 aPinheiro Marina1 aOrdoñana Juan00aChronic low back pain and the risk of depression or anxiety symptoms: insights from a longitudinal twin study.  a905-9120 v173 a<p>
<b>BACKGROUND CONTEXT: </b>Pain is commonly associated with symptoms of depression or anxiety, although this relationship is considered bidirectional. There is limited knowledge regarding causal relationships.
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<b>PURPOSE: </b>This study aims to investigate whether chronic low back pain (LBP) increases the risk of depression or anxiety symptoms, after adjusting for shared familial factors.
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<b>STUDY DESIGN: </b>This is a longitudinal, genetically informative study design from the Murcia Twin Registry in Spain.
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<b>PATIENT SAMPLE: </b>The patient sample included 1,269 adult twins with a mean age of 53 years.
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<b>OUTCOME MEASURES: </b>The outcome of depression or anxiety symptoms was evaluated with EuroQol questionnaire.
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<b>METHODS: </b>Using logistic regression analyses, twins were initially assessed as individuals in the total sample analysis, followed by a co-twin case-control, which was partially (dizygotic [DZ] twins) and fully (monozygotic [MZ] twins) adjusted for shared familial factors. There was no external funding for this study and no conflict of interest was declared.
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<b>RESULTS: </b>There was a significant association between chronic LBP and the risk of depression or anxiety symptoms in the unadjusted total sample analysis (odds ratio [OR]: 1.81, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.34-2.44). After adjusting for confounders, the association remained significant (OR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.05-1.95), although the adjusted co-twin case-control was non-significant in DZ (OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 0.50-2.13) and MZ twins (OR: 1.86, 95% CI: 0.63-5.51).
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<b>CONCLUSIONS: </b>The relationship between chronic LBP and the future development of depression or anxiety symptoms is not causal. The relationship is likely to be explained by confounding from shared familial factors, given the non-statistically significant associations in the co-twin case-control analyses.
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  a1878-1632