02801nas a2200325   4500000000100000008004100001260001600042100001400058700002500072700002000097700001800117700001800135700002200153700001600175700001700191700002300208700001600231700001200247700002100259700001900280700001900299700001500318700001500333700001900348245007300367300001400440490000700454520200000461022001402461       2017                            d  c893338133851 aMaulik P.1 aPrabhakaran Dorairaj1 aK Reddy Srinath1 aSantos Joseph1 aMohan Sailesh1 aPetersen Kristina1 aRogers Kris1 aThout Sudhir1 aShivashankar Roopa1 aGupta Priti1 aHe Feng1 aMacGregor Graham1 aKrishnan Anand1 aJohnson Claire1 aGupta Ruby1 aNeal Bruce1 aWebster Jacqui00aEstimating population salt intake in India using spot urine samples.  a2207-22130 v353 a<p>
<b>OBJECTIVE: </b>To compare estimates of mean population salt intake in North and South India derived from spot urine samples versus 24-h urine collections.
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<b>METHODS: </b>In a cross-sectional survey, participants were sampled from slum, urban and rural communities in North and in South India. Participants provided 24-h urine collections, and random morning spot urine samples. Salt intake was estimated from the spot urine samples using a series of established estimating equations. Salt intake data from the 24-h urine collections and spot urine equations were weighted to provide estimates of salt intake for Delhi and Haryana, and Andhra Pradesh.
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<b>RESULTS: </b>A total of 957 individuals provided a complete 24-h urine collection and a spot urine sample. Weighted mean salt intake based on the 24-h urine collection, was 8.59 (95% confidence interval 7.73-9.45) and 9.46 g/day (8.95-9.96) in Delhi and Haryana, and Andhra Pradesh, respectively. Corresponding estimates based on the Tanaka equation [9.04 (8.63-9.45) and 9.79 g/day (9.62-9.96) for Delhi and Haryana, and Andhra Pradesh, respectively], the Mage equation [8.80 (7.67-9.94) and 10.19 g/day (95% CI 9.59-10.79)], the INTERSALT equation [7.99 (7.61-8.37) and 8.64 g/day (8.04-9.23)] and the INTERSALT equation with potassium [8.13 (7.74-8.52) and 8.81 g/day (8.16-9.46)] were all within 1 g/day of the estimate based upon 24-h collections. For the Toft equation, estimates were 1-2 g/day higher [9.94 (9.24-10.64) and 10.69 g/day (9.44-11.93)] and for the Kawasaki equation they were 3-4 g/day higher [12.14 (11.30-12.97) and 13.64 g/day (13.15-14.12)].
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<b>CONCLUSION: </b>In urban and rural areas in North and South India, most spot urine-based equations provided reasonable estimates of mean population salt intake. Equations that did not provide good estimates may have failed because specimen collection was not aligned with the original method.
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