@article{16784,
  author = {Muntner P. and Mann D. and Carson A. and Judd S. and Levitan E. and McClellan W. and Warnock D. and Woodward Mark},
  title = {Development and Validation of a Self-assessment Tool for Albuminuria: Results From the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study},
  abstract = {<p>
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of albuminuria in the general population is high, but awareness of it is low. Therefore, we sought to develop and validate a self-assessment tool that allows individuals to estimate their probability of having albuminuria. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING &amp; PARTICIPANTS: The population-based Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study for model development and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004 for model validation. US adults 45 years or older in the REGARDS Study (n = 19,697) and NHANES 1999-2004 (n = 7,168). PREDICTOR: Candidate items for the self-assessment tool were collected using a combination of interviewer- and self-administered questionnaires. OUTCOME: Albuminuria was defined as a urinary albumin to urinary creatinine ratio &gt;/=30 mg/g in spot samples. RESULTS: 8 items were included in the self-assessment tool (age, race, sex, current smoking, self-rated health, and self-reported history of diabetes, hypertension, and stroke). These items provided a C statistic of 0.709 (95% CI, 0.699-0.720) and good model fit (Hosmer-Lemeshow chi(2)P = 0.49). In the external validation data set, the C statistic for discriminating individuals with and without albuminuria using the self-assessment tool was 0.714. Using a threshold of &gt;/=10% probability of albuminuria from the self-assessment tool, 36% of US adults 45 years or older in NHANES 1999-2004 would test positive and be recommended for screening. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for albuminuria associated with a probability &gt;/=10% were 66%, 68%, 23%, and 93%, respectively. LIMITATIONS: Repeated urine samples were not available to assess the persistency of albuminuria. CONCLUSIONS: 8 self-report items provide good discrimination for the probability of having albuminuria. This tool may encourage individuals with a high probability to request albuminuria screening.
</p>
},
  year = {2011},
  journal = {American Journal of Kidney Diseases},
  volume = {58},
  edition = {2011/05/31},
  number = {2},
  pages = {196-205},
  isbn = {1523-6838 (Electronic)0272-6386 (Linking)},
  note = {Muntner, PaulWoodward, MarkCarson, April PJudd, Suzanne ELevitan, Emily BMann, Devin MMcClellan, WilliamWarnock, David GUnited StatesAmerican journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney FoundationAm J Kidney Dis. 2011 Aug;58(2):196-205. Epub 2011 May 26.},
  language = {eng},
}