@article{17195,
  author = {Brock K. and Graubard B. and Fraser D. and Weinstein S. and Stolzenberg-Solomon R. and Lim U. and Tangrea J. and Virtamo J. and Snyder K. and Albanes D. and Ke L.},
  title = {Predictors of vitamin D biochemical status in a large sample of middle-aged male smokers in Finland},
  abstract = {<p>
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: As vitamin D deficiency is considered to be more common in regions with little solar ultraviolet (UV) light in winter, the aim of this study was to analyze predictors of vitamin D status by season within a large sample of male smokers from Finland, a country where there is negligible solar UV light in winter. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Vitamin D (measured by 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) nmol/l) and other serum constituents were assayed. Measured anthropometry, and self-reported dietary intake and physical activity (PA) were obtained and analyzed using stepwise multiple linear and logistic regression in 2271 middle-aged Finnish male smokers. RESULTS: In all, 27% of the population in winter and 17% in summer had serum 25(OH)D levels of &lt;25 nmol/l, respectively. In summer, in multiple logistic regression analyses with adjustment for confounding and other predictors, high vitamin D intake (odds ratios (OR) 3.6; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5-8.5), some leisure time PA (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.3-3.1) and having a body mass index (BMI) of &gt;or=21 kg/m(2) compared with &lt;21 kg/m(2) (OR 2.6; 95% CI 1.3-5.0), were associated with 25(OH)D &gt;or=25 nmol/l. In winter, additional modifiable factors were occupational PA (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.1-2.5) and high fish (OR 3.1; 95% CI 1.7-6.2) or poultry consumption (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.2-2.5). Predictors from linear regression analyses of continuous levels of 25(OH)D were similar to the logistic regression analyses of 25(OH)D &gt;or=25 nmol/l. CONCLUSION: In this Finnish sample more vitamin D intake, PA and having a BMI of &gt;or=21 may have important modifiable roles in maintaining an adequate vitamin D status.
</p>
},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {European Journal of Clinical Nutrition},
  volume = {64},
  edition = {2010/01/07},
  number = {3},
  pages = {280-8},
  isbn = {1476-5640 (Electronic)0954-3007 (Linking)},
  note = {Brock, K EGraubard, B IFraser, D RWeinstein, S JStolzenberg-Solomon, R ZLim, UTangrea, J AVirtamo, JKe, LSnyder, KAlbanes, DN01-CN-45165/CN/NCI NIH HHS/United StatesN01-RC-37004/RC/CCR/United StatesN01-RC-45035/RC/CCR/United StatesResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch Support, N.I.H., IntramuralEnglandEuropean journal of clinical nutritionEur J Clin Nutr. 2010 Mar;64(3):280-8. Epub 2010 Jan 6.},
  language = {eng},
}