03435nas a2200385   4500000000100000008004100001653001100042653001100053653000900064653000900073653001600082653001000098653001100108653003100119653001100150653001400161653001500175653000900190653002100199653002000220653001500240100001100255700001500266700001800281700001400299700001500313700001700328700001500345700001300360700001100373245019300384490000700577520245100584022001403035       2017                            d10aFemale10aHumans10aAged10aMale10aMiddle Aged10aChina10aStroke10aReproducibility of Results10asodium10apotassium10aCreatinine10aRisk10aRural Population10aSodium, Dietary10aUrinalysis1 aTian M1 aYin Xuejun1 aZhang Ruijuan1 aMa Wenxia1 aLiu Furong1 aYang Danrong1 aFan Yameng1 aRong Jie1 aYu Yan00aValidation and Assessment of Three Methods to Estimate 24-h Urinary Sodium Excretion from Spot Urine Samples in High-Risk Elder Patients of Stroke from the Rural Areas of Shaanxi Province.0 v143 a<p>                    
: 24-h urine collection is regarded as the "gold standard" for monitoring sodium intake at the population level, but ensuring high quality urine samples is difficult to achieve. The Kawasaki, International Study of Sodium, Potassium, and Blood Pressure (INTERSALT) and Tanaka methods have been used to estimate 24-h urinary sodium excretion from spot urine samples in some countries, but few studies have been performed to compare and validate these methods in the Chinese population.: To compare and validate the Kawasaki, INTERSALT and Tanaka formulas in predicting 24-h urinary sodium excretion using spot urine samples in 365 high-risk elder patients of strokefrom the rural areas of Shaanxi province.: Data were collected from a sub-sample of theSalt Substitute and Stroke Study. 365 high-risk elder patients of stroke from the rural areas of Shaanxi province participated and their spot and 24-h urine specimens were collected. The concentrations of sodium, potassium and creatinine in spot and 24-h urine samples wereanalysed. Estimated 24-h sodium excretion was predicted from spot urine concentration using the Kawasaki, INTERSALT, and Tanaka formulas. Pearson correlation coefficients and agreement by Bland-Altman method were computed for estimated and measured 24-h urinary sodium excretion.: The average 24-h urinary sodium excretion was 162.0 mmol/day, which representing a salt intake of 9.5 g/day. Three predictive equations had low correlation with the measured 24-h sodium excretion (r = 0.38,< 0.01; ICC = 0.38,< 0.01 for the Kawasaki; r = 0.35,< 0.01; ICC = 0.31,< 0.01 for the INTERSALT; r = 0.37,< 0.01; ICC = 0.34,< 0.01 for the Tanaka). Significant biases between estimated and measured 24-h sodium excretion were observed (all< 0.01 for three methods). Among the three methods, the Kawasaki method was the least biased compared with the other two methods (mean bias: 31.90, 95% Cl: 23.84, 39.97). Overestimation occurred when the Kawasaki and Tanaka methods were used while the INTERSALT method underestimated 24-h sodium excretion.: The Kawasaki, INTERSALT and Tanaka methods for estimation of 24-h urinary sodium excretion from spot urine specimens were inadequate for the assessment of sodium intake at the population level in high-risk elder patients of stroke from the rural areas of Shaanxi province, although the Kawasaki method was the least biased compared with the other two methods.</p>  a1660-4601